The Effect of Deforestation

Deforestation is the process of converting forested lands into non-forest sites that are ideal for crop raising, urbanization and industrialization. Because deforestation is a serious concept, there are also serious effects to the surroundings.

Effects of deforestation can be classified and grouped into effects to biodiversity, environment and social settings. Because deforestation basically involves killing trees in forests, there are so many effects that can be enumerated as results of the activity.

Non Fiction

When forests are killed, nature basically requires people to renew the forest. Reforestation is one concept that is in the opposite direction as deforestation, but is proven to be a much harder effort than deforestation.

The Effect of Deforestation

So the rate of deforestation has not been offset by the rate of reforestation. Thus, the world is now in a troubled state when it comes to issues concerning the environment.

Pollution is rapidly growing along with population. Forests are greatly helping reduce the amount of pollutants in the air. So, the depletion of these groups of trees is greatly increasing the risk that carbon monoxide would reach the atmosphere and result in the depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn results to global warming.

Environment change

One major effect of deforestation is climate change. Changes to the surroundings done by deforestation work in many ways. One, there is abrupt change in temperatures in the nearby areas. Forests naturally cool down because they help retain moisture in the air.

Second is the long process of global climate change. As mentioned above, deforestation has been found to contribute to global warming or that process when climates around the world become warmer as more harmful rays of the sun comes in through the atmosphere.

The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such reaction would use up oxygen atoms.

It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone depletion.

The third effect to the environment would be on the water table underneath the ground. Water table is the common source of natural drinking water by people living around forests.

Water table is replenishing. That means, the supply of water underground could also dry up if not replenished regularly. When there is rain, forests hold much of the rainfall to the soil through their roots.

Thus, water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the soil surface and not be retained by the soil.

Or other than that, the water from rain would not stay in the soil longer, for the process of evaporation would immediately set in. Thus, the water table is not replenished, leading to drying up of wells.

Effect to biodiversity

Forests are natural habitats to many types of animals and organisms. That is why, when there is deforestation, many animals are left without shelters. Those that manage to go through the flat lands and residential sites are then killed by people.

Through the years, it is estimated that there are millions of plant and extinct animal species that have been wiped out because they have been deprived of home. Thus, biodiversity is significantly lowered because of the savage deforestation practices of some people.

Wildlife advocates have been constantly reminding that several wild animals left in the world could still be saved if deforested forests would only be reforested and the practice of slash and burn of forests would be totally abandoned.

Social effects of deforestation

Deforestation is hardly hitting the living conditions of indigenous people who consider forests as their primary habitats. Imagine how they are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. These natives would be forced to live elsewhere, and are usually left to becoming mendicants in rural and urban areas.

Overall, effects of deforestation cannot be offset by the contribution of the practice to development. While it is logical that progress is very much needed by mankind, it must also be noted that nature knows no defeat. Destruct it and it would certainly retaliate, one way or another.

The Effect of Deforestation

For more information now go to: [http://www.solutionstoearthdestruction.com/The-Effect-Of-Deforestation.html] [http://www.solutionstoearthdestruction.com/Benefit-Of-Deforestation.html]

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How to Write a Great Introduction to Your Book

The introduction is one of the most often perused sections of a book. Prospective readers scan the introduction before making a buying decision. Serious readers are sure to devour it. And with the introduction situated at the beginning, it's a sure bet that almost everyone who picks it up starts reading there.

So having an effective introductory chapter or section is important. A good introduction sets the stage and it makes your book that much more appealing. The introduction of your nonfiction book reveals what it is all about.

Non Fiction

Think of your introduction as a preview of the coming attraction. Here's where you paint a picture of all the benefits readers will get from your work. Use it as a selling tool to highlight all the advantages they'll gain from the insights, observations and experiences shared.

How to Write a Great Introduction to Your Book

State your promise in the introduction and then deliver on it throughout your book. Make every potential reader want to dig and read it right away because of the quality and value of your information.

As you prepare your introduction, summarize the system or process revealed in the text. It's there are a number of steps involved to complete the training covered in your book, list these in the introduction.

Tell the reader what he or she can expect by reading your book. Suggest the payoff that is theirs by the accumulation and integration of the knowledge you share within the covers of your book. Entice them to not only pick up your book but to read it through to get the maximum benefit.

Start with a bang. Your introduction is the place to hook your reader. Deliver the ultimate benefit of your book. Make a startling statement. Do whatever it takes to generate intense interest and intrigue.

Your introduction is a crucial first step for your readers. It prepares them for what's to come while fuelling their interest.

For the writer, an introduction can serve as a guide. You know exactly what material you need to cover to deliver on your promises. So a strong introduction keeps you focused, making it easier to deliver the kind of book your readers will love.

How to Write a Great Introduction to Your Book

Anyone can write a book and make a lot of money. Most people dream of it at some point in their lives... but few follow through to live the dream. If you want to learn how to write your book in just days... and profit for years -- you can! Visit my web site for more free tips, techniques, tactics and helpful resources, visit TODAY: http://www.WordsIntoMoney.com

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Exercising Your Face - Fact or Fiction

You've looked in the mirror and have decided it's time to do something for your face. You're not exactly certain whether you should call the nearest plastic surgeon or take matters into your own hands. After all, this is your face and even though you don't want to look sixteen again, you do want to do something that will stop those tired eyes and droopy cheeks.

Facial exercise has been in and out of vogue for hundreds of years. There are many practitioners of facial manipulation; so what works best?

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There's yoga for the face that aids lymphatic drainage, needle therapy via acupuncture, contortions and isometric/resistance training. All seem to have one goal and that is to help the user look youthful.

Exercising Your Face - Fact or Fiction

There are many benefits when exercise is used for the face: better posture is achieved as the neck muscles strengthen, a healthier face develops as blood flow is increased and collagen production is stimulated, and the facial skin becomes supple, refreshed and resilient. A facial exerciser will look younger as the sagging skin and supporting muscles reposition and align; the face will firm and lift.

Exercise is natural. It's not invasive, there is no risk and the only "tools" one needs are the fingers and thumbs.

Facial exercises using isometric and resistance type movements prove best. Why? Unlike other parts of the body, the facial muscles are connected to bone on one end only. The other end is connected to another muscle. In order to achieve a contraction in these muscles, special anchoring techniques are required for the specific muscle or muscle group. Just like exercising your arms or legs, when a contraction of the muscle is created, the muscles shorten and then "plump". When facial muscles contract this action lifts the skin because facial skin is attached directly to the muscles

Looking younger is the mantra of most every baby boomer. This generation of "forever young" adults knows the importance of good eating habits, exercising the body and using the finest non-chemical skin care items. Facial exercise fits the bill for anyone wanting to look 10-15 years younger without spending their children's inheritance. Whether you're 35 or 70, you will see a difference when you exercise your face.

Exercising Your Face - Fact or Fiction

Cynthia is widely recognized as an expert in natural facial fitness and has appeared on ABC’s popular morning TV show The View, Fit TV, KTLA Morning Show and Good Day L.A. This author, speaker and television personality is leading the crusade to keep men and women looking vibrantly younger. Cynthia Rowland Creator of Facial Magic “When You Use Facial Magic it Shows” www.rejenuve.com/FacialMagicSL.htm

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Secrets to Writing a Sad Story

My dream, from the time I developed an obsession for writing stories, has been to write one that can make people cry. Well, my stories, I hear, have moved a goodly number of compassionate souls.

But really, what are the odds that stories can move a person to tears? Has the written word got such power? The answer is a resounding yes!

Non Fiction

Have you ever read a story of an individual who goes through so much adversity that you are touched to the point of shedding tears? Maybe not, but I am sure that you have read something that is so touching that you feel the tears squeezing to burst out...

Secrets to Writing a Sad Story

However, compared to television, the written word seems to pale in its power to move people's emotion. Television sends a flood of information to the viewer's eyes. Vivid images of the plight of the actors and their evident anguish flash before their eyes. If you have watched a sad movie, you will agree with me that the screen can easily move someone to tears. With mournful music playing in the back ground, even the most callous of souls are sent into sniffing.

Let us borrow one or two lessons from the movie industry and use that to write moving stories.

Firstly, television sends clear and vivid images of the plight of the actors. No one needs a special education to understand what he is seeing.

The same should be true of your writing if you want it to move people. Your writing should be clear and understandable to your target audience. Furthermore, use graphic language that creates vivid images in their minds. Help them visualize what the characters are going through and their feelings. Choose the right words. Your choice of words is, ultimately, what will determine whether your story will have an effect on your readers or not.

Secondly, the movies industry appeals to the compassion that is inherent in humans. All of us have a degree of compassion to those that we care for. So the movie industry moves to make the viewers develop a certain relationship with the actors, so that in the end, the viewer not only likes them but loves them. Therefore, she feels their pain and sorrow.

Employ the same in your stories. Make your readers develop a relationship with your characters. Let them identify with them. Make them love your characters. You'll do this more effectively if you develop your characters in such a way that your reader seems them as real people with real problems. In short, develop the human side of your characters.

It is important to make your character a compassionate person too. Very few people will feel anything for a villain-unless you develop his humans side; if you show that in some situations, he loses his hard, callous side and reveals real humane emotions. People tend to love a good person, and in time, they will feel for him. So if you are writing a sad story, don't make your main character a callous villain. When he suffers adversity, your reader will be like:

"He surely got what he deserved!"

Finally, the major trick of the movie industry: a twist in fate. You are there watching, and you are quite liking where everything is going, when BLAAAAAAM! Your favourite character experiences terrible misfortune, tragic loss, or even death. And since at this point you have developed feelings for the actor, you are moved to tears.

This you should do too in your story. Just at the point when everything is going fine and your reader is quite liking it, i.e. feeling the joy and happiness the character is feeling, BOOOM! tragic and heartrending misfortune attacks. At this point, since your reader has developed a relationship and hence affection for your character, she may be moved to tears....

I hope that the lessons we have learned from the movie industry will help you write better sad stories. I can't wait to read them and be moved to tears!

Hey, happy writing!

Secrets to Writing a Sad Story

Michael Sinkolongo

http://www.writing-lovers.com

Visit my site above for great and exceptional articles on fiction and non fiction writing

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The Importance of Electricity

Electricity is important to the world. Fans, light bulbs, televisions, ovens, air-conditioners... All of these cannot function without electricity. So, as you can see, electricity is very important to the world. But before I can tell you about electricity, you must what is it. And you must know about energy, and the (famous) inventor who invented the light bulb. Then, electricity. Finally... electricity's advantages & disadvantages.

ENERGY- Conductors and insulators.

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Energy is found everywhere (and I really mean everywhere). Well, you can't see energy, but it is around. Reading this article uses energy, too. Well, I won't be talking about contracting and expanding and all that stuff (find it in another article). I will be talking about conductors and insulators.

The Importance of Electricity

Ok. First, conductors of electricity mean that it attracts electricity. Insulators are exactly the opposite. Metal is a good conductor of electricity while plastic is an insulator.

Thomas A. Edison

Invention of the lightbulb

Now, electricity is...Whoops, actually, step 2 is: Who invented the lightbulb. There are many inventors in the world. Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor. The Wright brothers invented the aeroplane. No, no, no. I am NOT concentrating on them. Thomas Alva Edison is a very famous inventor. He invented the lightbulb, and yes, that is the one I am looking for.

The lightbulb consists of the filament, which is for the bulb to light up. Correct, if the filament is taken away, then the bulb would not light up.

Now you know about electricity, you're going to learn how electricity is made. Number two... Oh, yes! The advantages and disadvantages of electricity.

How is electricity made?

Ha ha, I hear you say. Electricity can't be made. Well, almost correct. No, 0 percent correct.

Huh? Then how is electricity made? I'm sure you're asking that. You'll learn right now.

Electricity is a half-natural half-man-made thing. You might not know, but electricity is made from crude oil. That's the main 'ingredient'. Ha ha. Wrong again. That's the only ingredient. OK, I must give myself 10%/100%. Why? Well, it is simply because you don't cook electricity! Well, you want to know the answer? You BURN crude oil! Did you think of that?

Advantages and Disadvantages

I'm sure you know the advantages of electricity. They help many things to function. As I have mentioned earlier, Fans, light bulbs, televisions, ovens, air-conditioners and many other things cannot function without electricity.

But I don't think you know much about the disadvantages of electricity. As you know, electricity is made by burning crude oil. But crude oil is a limited resource. This means that it may run out in the future. If we don't use electricity wisely, there might not be any electricity in the future.

Another disadvantage is that because it is made by burning crude oil, it causes pollution to the environment, also at the same time increasing the speed of global.

Now after this article, I guess you wanted to save electricity and use it wisely. Well, you should, and prevent global warming in the future!

The Importance of Electricity

About Ryan Yeo

Ryan Yeo is a 9 years old boy and he lives in Compassvale Raod, Singapore and is now in Primary 3. His hobbies are reading, writing and drawings. He loves to read all types of fiction and non-fiction books; anything about animals, Science, the universe, jokes, riddles and comics. He also likes to write short stories and topics that interest him.

He likes to share his poem and articles to everyone. Click to visit his website [http://www.ryanyeo.com] to read more about his articles

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Debt Cures Book Review - Is Kevin Trudeau's Latest Book A Scam? Part 4

Kevin Trudeau, the famous and infamous infomercial king has released a new book - Debt Cures They Don't Want You to Know About. This article will finish off my 4 part series reviewing Kevin's book and help you decide if you should spend your money on anything he has to sell.

This article will answer all the questions about the free money from the government, the ,000 in 24 hours, etc. that many people have asked about. Let's get started.

Non Fiction

Last time, I left off on chapter 21. Chapter 21 is called Rebuilding Credit. This chapter offers several tips and options available to you to rebuild your bad credit. The first method he talks about is piggybacking. The basic idea of piggybacking is someone with a good credit score adds you as an authorized user to their account and their good credit history gets reflected on your credit report boosting your score. Unfortunately FICO has decided that they will not allow this method to affect your credit score anymore. This hurts kids on their parent's credit cards in addition to people looking to boost their credit score for a major purchase.

Debt Cures Book Review - Is Kevin Trudeau's Latest Book A Scam? Part 4

KT offers tips to rebuild your credit include getting a co-signer on a loan, taking out and installment loan, and getting a secured credit card. He has a few tips for college students who are a favorite target of the credit card companies.

Chapter 22 - Building more wealth.

Here, we get a better idea of what Trudeau means by building wealth. "Every step you take to reduce or eliminate your debt is a step towards building wealth." I would have to agree. The idea is a penny saved is a penny earned. It is not new but it makes a lot of sense. The less you pay to the credit card companies, the more you have to save for more important things. It is hard to save or invest for your retirement if all you're worried about is paying off your credit card debt.

Kevin talks about the differences between investing in depreciable assets - cars, TVs, clothes - and assets that increase in value over time - real estate, stocks, bonds, art, etc.

He mentions starting a corporation for your new business to get access to large credit lines and to leverage that credit line into good appreciating assets. Since this is a book about "Debt Cures," the specifics about how to do this are not covered.

"How to get ,000 in 24 hours"

This is a question several people have asked. The answer is - BORROW IT. He tells you about all the options you have for borrowing or finding money - home equity loan, friends, family, etc. Borrowing from friends and family is cheaper in terms of costs but it does have its other potential downsides so be careful. He also mentions searching unclaimed funds, he says it is one source that many people have found money.

Trudeau finishes the chapter off with some good business tips and making money with your own business as an entrepreneur. The main point is to find out what the demand is than fill it, not the other way around. So instead of building a better mouse trap, find out what the market wants first and then give it to them.

Chapter 23 - Free Money!

KT talks about all the sources of free money from the government and private organizations you can get. Grants.gov is one of his first sites he recommends. You have to take the time to fill out the application forms and make the phone calls to get the money. He also talks about getting money from the Small Business Administration (SBA). Over 1 million people each year get free money and cheap loans from the government. Put in the legwork and you could get some. Many of the grant programs have to be used for a specific purpose not just to do with as you please.

One program that I found interesting was the Individual Development Account program. It's like a 401K where the government and a private group will match your savings dollar for dollar up to a certain amount. You put in a dollar and they put in a dollar each - so you've tripled your savings just like that. The money can be used to buy a house, go to school, or start a business. Read more at http://www.idanetwork.org

College students - make sure you apply for Pell grants and other Federal grants instead of borrowing and burdening yourself with way too many student loans that can and will take years to pay off.

Chapter 24 - The Conclusion. A short two page chapter encouraging you to take action. Then he offers links to many of his sources and a couple sample letters to send to debt collectors and a sample balance sheet and income statement.

That's it. That is Debt Cures. All in all, I would have to give Kevin Trudeau's latest book a passing grade despite the hassle of ordering it. If you use just one of these tips in here, you will have more than paid for the cost of the book. Since we are talking about big amounts of money when we are talking about debt, savings of a few percentage points on your credit card interest rates or negotiating your debt lower can save you thousands of dollars. And that is what makes buying a book like Debt Cures worth it.

If you have questions about the review or about "Debt Cures They Don't Want You to Know About", you can post them on the comments section of my Debt Cures Reviews website and I will get to them as soon as I can.

Debt Cures Book Review - Is Kevin Trudeau's Latest Book A Scam? Part 4

Read more Debt Cures reviews at http://www.debtcuresreviews.com/

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Smoking Statistics in Canada

Smoking statistics for Canada are generated by the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) which collects data on tobacco use and related issues in Canada. The data collected provides useful information on both the incidence (number of new smokers) and the prevalence (total number of smokers) of smoking in the Canadian population.

Overall the long term trends show that the prevalence of smoking in Canada is decreasing from a high of 35% of the population in 1985 to less than 18% of the population in 2008.

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The province of British Columbia has the lowest rate of prevalence for smoking across the country (14.7%) with all prairie provinces having the highest prevalence at 20.8%. Remaining provinces were slightly above the national average, hovering around 19-20%.

Smoking Statistics in Canada

Here is how the Canadian smoking statistics break down by age groups. This data is from the 2008 CTUMS database. Complete data sets for 2009 are not yet available.

15-19 yrs old. - 15% of this population classify themselves as smokers. While unchanged from the previous year, this figure is the lowest since Canada began collecting and monitoring smoking statistics. Some provinces such as Newfoundland and Labrador have shown a decrease of 3% in this age group from the previous year. 20-24 yrs old. - 27% of this population are smoking. Among this age group males continue to smoke at a higher rate and smoke more cigarettes per capita than the female smokers in this age group. 25 - 45 yr old age group has the highest number of people who are giving up smoking. Between 25 and 45 yrs of age the number of people who classify themselves as former smokers increased by just over 16%.

Canada has been engaged in smoking reduction efforts for over ten years. There has been a consistent effort to get the message out about the health risks of smoking. Laws have been passed in many provinces to prevent smoking in public buildings and municipalities have implemented smoking bans that prevent smoking in any building, even bars and restaurants. Recently the smoking bans in Vancouver, BC and surrounding areas have been extended to included a restriction on smoking cigarettes within 7 meters of a building entrance.

Some communities are considering smoking laws to create smoke free outdoor patios, parks, and beaches. These types of measure reflect a change in the attitude of the public that welcomes regulation to protect the health of all citizens.

Since the smoking statistics show a clear drop in the prevalence of smoking in Canada it is clear there are a significant number of people who are giving up smoking cigarettes. But more importantly, less and less Canadians are being influenced to take up the habit in the first place.

So of those people who are still in the smoking minority who are they? An examination of the social epidemiology reveals some interesting statistics.

The highest prevalence of smokers is among the unemployed, poorly educated, and low income populations. The very people who have the least amount of disposable income purchase the majority of cigarettes. For this population at least, it would appear that the economic impact of cigarette smoking is not important enough to motivate a change in smoking behaviour.

Smoking Statistics in Canada

The smoking facts are known but what is smoking fiction? Explore the various reasons used to justify a smoking addiction at http://www.smoking-facts-and-fiction.com where Beverly Hansen OMalley provides even more information about the facts on smoking diseases and health effects including information about research that provides the answer to the question "Why do people smoke?"

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Top 10 New Years Resolutions For 2012

As the new year approaches, it is time to look back over the past year and decide what you want to change about your life in the new year. For many people, New Years resolutions are an opportunity to make a fresh start. For others, it is the chance to learn new habits and live a healthier and happy life. No matter what your approach is to New Years resolutions, here are the top 10 New Years resolutions that many people start with at the beginning of the year.

1 - Quit Smoking

Non Fiction

Smoking is one of the number one health problems worldwide. Smoking can lead to a multitude of health problems, including lung cancer, emphysema, high blood pressure, esophageal cancer and many others. Quitting smoking as a New Years resolution is difficult and addiction to nicotine is extremely hard to fight. But with enough dedication and assistance, you can stop smoking.

Top 10 New Years Resolutions For 2012

There are several methods that have proven to be effective in stopping smoking. One of the most effective tools to stop smoking is one-on-one counseling. With counseling you'll have someone with you every step of the way to quit smoking.

2 - Get Out Of Debt

Today, Americans carry an average of over ,000 in credit card debt and this is a major New Years resolution. In order to get out of debt, review your budget and cut out the things that you really do not need. Even getting one less daily latte or expensive pair of shoes can make a difference in your budget. If you are deeply in debt, bite the bullet and consider talking to a credit counselor. They may be able to help you consolidate your credit card debts into a single payment or eliminate at least part of your debt and give you some breathing room.

3 - Get Organized

Getting organized can be easy if you are dedicated to carrying through once you get going with it. If your New Years resolution is to get organized, break it down into specifics. Decide precisely what you want to be organized about and then take steps to put it into action. For instance, if you want to be organized about paying your bills every month, mark a day on your calendar when you will pay bills and then set aside a specific place for collecting bills. Then write out your payment checks or log online and make your payments. If you make this into a habit, then it becomes second nature to do it automatically every week or monthly.

4 - Spend More Time With Family & Friends

If your New Years resolution is to spend more time with your family and friends, then you need to set aside time to make it happen. One way to accomplish this is to have one night a week that is for social events. Call your friends and make a date for dinner or to go to the movies. Family night is another great way to spend time with your family. Spending time with friends and family is important because it fosters close relationships and trust. For kids, especially, spending time together can be emotionally healthy and help them develop into healthy adults.

5 - Get In Shape

Getting in shape is a big commitment. Most Americans are overweight and losing even a few pounds and keeping them off can be a challenge for a New Years resolution. If you are out of shape, start slowly and talk to your doctor to discuss any health problems you might have to take into consideration when making a workout plan.

You can take small walks every day and get a good amount of moderate exercise. Instead of parking as close to the mall as possible, park a little farther out and walk the extra steps to go shopping. spaced throughout the day, exercise can be easily integrated into your life.

Also make simple changes to your eating habits to get into shape. Instead of eating ice cream for dessert, choose a dish of fresh fruit. Instead of eating that burger for a quick lunch, choose a healthy salad with a vinaigrette dressing. Even doing this just a few days a week can make a big difference to your waistline.

6 - Help Others

One of the most popular New Years resolutions is to help others. Helping others can be accomplished in a number of ways. If you are active in your church, consider participating in charitable activities, like visiting residents in elderly care or nursing homes. You can also volunteer time in programs to teach adults to read or become a supportive adult to a child. Helping others can be as simple as being kind to the people around you and being willing to lend a comforting shoulder to someone in need.

7 - Learn Something New

Learning something new is one of the most popular New Years resolutions. Think about something that you have always wanted to know and take a shot at it. If you have always wanted to learn Italian, enroll in a language course online or at your local community college. Take an art appreciation course or start reading a non-fiction book on a topic of interest. If you take the attitude that you can always learn something new, then you will grow as a person.

8 - Travel to New Places

Travel is always exciting and is one of the very common New Years resolutions. Choose a place to travel where you have never been and begin to plan your trip. If you do not have someone special to go with you, then try investigating companion travel programs. Be adventurous and throw a dart at a map and go where ever the dart lands on the map.

9 - Enjoy Life More

Enjoying life more is among the top New Years resolutions. Enjoying life is about attitude. If you have a positive attitude and make the best of every situation you are presenting with in life, you will find yourself happier and more content, even through the difficult times. Enjoying life is a great goal to have for the new year.

10 - Go to School

In today's economy, people are often looking for ways to reinvent themselves. Going to school is one of the top New Years resolutions as a way to start a new career or develop new skills. Even if you goal is simply to learn about a new topic, going to school is a great way to develop new friends and engage yourself.

Most people who create New Years resolutions unfortunately fail as a result of a number of factors. These factors include creating too many New Years resolutions, not writing down your New Years resolutions, not having a support group and keeping your New Years resolutions to yourself.

Top 10 New Years Resolutions For 2012

How Do I Stick to My New Years Resolutions?

The secret to sticking to your New Years resolutions is to start immediately so when New Years day comes you'll be well and truly on your way to accomplishing your goals. Get your pen and paper out and write up a top 10 list of New Years resolutions for 2012 and check out http://www.johngrahambaines.com for more helpful tips and tricks on how to lose weight and transform your body by next summer, how to make money online, how to travel overseas cheaply and a whole host of useful information you need to know to help you transform your life for the better for 2012.

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Community Based Correction Programs

Community based correction is a program which is supervised to deal with people who have been convicted or are facing conviction. It is a non-incarcerative system of correction. Late eighties and early nineties have brought a new revolution in the justice system.

Parole and probation have always been a way of community correction, but with technological advancement and considering the psychology of convicted people, correction programs have widened to accommodate work releases, day fine programs, electronic monitoring, home confinement, community service, half way houses, boot camp prisons, restitution, check-in programs, mediation, curfews, restorative justice centers, drug checks, alcohol checks and other methods where there is a certain level of trust between the offenders and the people involved.

Non Fiction

Jail affects a person psychologically and he or she can lose his self esteem which eventually leads to disinterest in normal life. Many jail inmates who are there for petty reasons turn to become hard core criminals with the company they get in jails. There are thousands of people in jails and more than 5 times are on probation or parole at any given point of time. 'Jails were never made for people, it were made for crimes,' says a famous crime based fiction writer. It is not that jail authorities want to solve the problem of overcrowding of jails through community based correction. However it is one of the minor reasons which lead to the start of these methods of correction.

Community Based Correction Programs

Society has valid and legitimate reasons to stay away from offenders but this may turn them towards crime again. Almost one quarter of people who have spent time in jails return mostly with the same kind of offence or some other type of anti-social activities. Braithwaite put forth the philosophy of restorative justice which advocates a change of behavior of convicts through holistic methods. It works on the principle of reintegration. It is like helping offenders to enter the society in a way where they can be accepted by the society. This system has its impact on the society in general as well, as it helps the society understand and accept the fact that offenders are also a part of the society.

There are some offenders who enter the community based correction programs without entering jails and some serve a part of their sentence in jail before entering the program. We all commit mistakes and get an opportunity to learn and same goes for offenders. The process of learning starts when the person involved comes to know his mistake and accepts it. Eventually, the process may be difficult but it has helped many people, which gives a positive signal for other offenders.

Community Based Correction Programs

As community based correction programs have yielded positive results, it has gained popularity with many countries and if you are looking for information on these non conventional techniques, you can visit the jrank.org database for more information.

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Writers - Reasons to Always Carry a Notebook

Writers know that ideas can come out of the blue. It doesn't matter where you are; an idea can 'pop' into your head and be gone in a flash if you don't capture it. You may consider carrying a pen and notebook with you at all times to write down your ideas. Some writers may believe that carrying a notebook and pen is 'too old fashioned' or too old school; they prefer electronic gadgets. Make sure you check the batteries in your recorder because it would be terrible not to be able to record your thoughts. A notebook is a tried and true writer's tool!

Reasons to always carry a notebook

Non Fiction

To capture your ideas. There's nothing worse than having great ideas only to watch them fade away. Carrying a notebook allows you to capture your ideas wherever, whenever. You won't have to struggle to remember your ideas ever again.

Writers - Reasons to Always Carry a Notebook

To write down your thoughts. Have you ever had insightful thoughts but didn't have any way to record them? A notebook allows you to write down your thoughts which could be used to create a work of fiction or non-fiction.

To sketch. Some writers are also skilled at drawing. Remember, "A picture is worth a 1000 words." It may help to 'sketch' your ideas rather than write them down.

To outline a novel. If you have an idea, you never know when inspiration will strike. Perhaps an idea comes to you quickly that you're able to 'outline' the story. If you have a notebook, you can easily write down the plot and synopsis.

To outline a screenplay. Perhaps you have an idea for a screenplay. You never know when a 'plot' will come to you. Also, you never know how the people you interact with will inspire you to develop character traits. If the real people in your life are colorful, draw from them and base your characters on them. Observe their mannerisms and personalities. Writing down these and other observations can help you develop rich characters.

You can use it to journal. Maybe you're having a 'bumpy' day. Write down your thoughts and get your emotions out of your system. They say journaling is a good way to clear your mind and soul.

You may need to give someone your contact information. If for some reason you leave your business cards at home, you can tear a piece of paper out of the notebook and write down your contact information. It's not as glamorous as a business card but at least you'll be able to pass along your information.

Writers - Reasons to Always Carry a Notebook

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Rape - Problems and Solutions

Rape is a social evil that has reached explosive proportions. It has ruined many lives and continues to do so at a frenetic pace. No one is immune, and age is no bar. From infants to senior citizens to corpses, rape has become a diabolic symbol of power in an iniquitous world. In USA, a rape occurs every two minutes; In India, every 54 minutes, and in Pakistan, every three hours. The tragedy is that 80% are perpetrated by fathers, brothers, relatives or friends. Six out of ten occur in the home or in the home of a relative or friend. The story of an Austrian father, who raped his daughter for 24 years, and sired seven children through her, is still fresh in our minds.

Though rape occurs in all social groups, it is more frequent among minority groups with low social status. A molester need not necessarily be a sleazy character. He may be well educated, well groomed and have a high standing in society such as a judge, government official, policeman or priest. Even doctors have been known to rape patients in their clinics. The rapist may be of any age from an old man to a young teenager. The increasing trend of raping minors by force or through allurements is frightening. Children of 14 years or lower, have been known to rape their classmates, and kill them out of fear of being caught.

Non Fiction

Reasons for under reporting:

Rape - Problems and Solutions

A habitual rapist may molest about 8-10 women before being caught. As conviction rates are only about 2%, many cases go unreported.

o Most women fear the stigma attached to rape, especially when the Law does not convict the rapist. They become secretive and even believe that they are in some way guilty.
o Lack of faith in the judicial system: Many times the court puts the victim on trial, questioning her about her morality, and probing into her sexual history. When a constable in Mumbai raped a 15 year old rag picker the judge proclaimed, "She is a rag picker and of no consequence."

Because of such perverse reasoning and warped sense of justice, many judges pass it off as an 'act of passion' and award minimum sentence.

Also, legal battles are long and tiresome. The onus of proving rape falls on the victim.
o Fear of retaliation by the rapist or his goons.
o Fear of adverse reaction from society, parents, husbands, employers or peers.
o Fear of tarnishing the family image, especially when there are unwed female siblings.
One study showed that 43% of women are ignorant of the law; 23% are too shy to come forward; 12% are afraid of the police; 12% think complaining will not make a difference.
One young girl said, "I blame society for giving men the right to rape and regarding women's suffering as unimportant. A rapist may get off with a light sentence, but the victim's sentence is for life."

What is rape?
It is a form of sexual sadism involving unlawful sexual penetration either by coercion, force, blackmail or under false promises. "I believe that whatever violates the integrity of a woman's body should be considered rape," says Brinda Karat, a women's activist. "Sexual violence apart from being dehumanizing, is an unlawful intrusion of the right to privacy and sanctity of the female," says Justice A. S. Anand.

Situations under which rape occurs:
- Custodial rape when a woman is in custody for some small offence.
- Child rape is the pastime of paedophiles. 1 in 5 children raped are below 15 years of age. Some don't even spare infants in cradles.
- Casting couches are routine in the film or modeling industry. When a person is desperate for a job she becomes vulnerable.
- Date rape has been escalating. The assailant is usually known to the victim, and drugs the victim with GHB, Rophynol, Ketamine or some such drug. These drugs are in powder form or liquid and dissolve in any drink. These drugs make the victim physically helpless and incapable of resisting sex, also incapable of recalling the incident. Alcohol enhances the action of the drugs. No trace is found in the blood stream after 72 hours
- Aggravated rape is when a rapist introduces an instrument or foreign body into the victim, to build up his own orgasm.
- Marital rape which may not be recognized by the law.
"In marriage, the weakest, stupidest, insignificant men of the world receive licence to rape or beat their wives," says Virginia Woolfe
- Necrophilia: The raping of corpses is common in certain tribes. Sometimes sexual perverts can also indulge in such activity.

Reasons why men rape?
- It gives men a sense of power, and is linked to their identity. Forcing a woman into sexual subjugation validates their manhood. They enjoy it.
- Lust in men who have not disciplined their impulses. Testosterone makes male libido flare out of control.
- Economic causes: In some communities the bride price may be too high. Poverty, low socioeconomic status, unemployment, lack of skills, make men vent their frustration through rape. The victim and rapist may live in the same area. Girls in inner cities have 1 in 70 chances of being raped, whereas in rich areas it may be 1 in 2000.
- In communities with strict codes of behaviour, where no mingling of sexes is allowed, repressed males give expression to their masculinity through rape.
- Antisocial and borderline personalities behave irresponsibly. This is enhanced by drugs and alcohol.
- Misogyny: Men who hate women commit violent crimes against them. Many have aggressive mothers and timid fathers. A mother's verbal abuse may have given the man a poor self image. As an expression of anger against mother or sisters, he finds a victim who cannot defend herself or is mentally retarded, and rapes her.
- Men with poor self worth are convinced that no woman would voluntarily sleep with them. They are aroused by sexual fantasies and express themselves through rape.
- Revenge: When men are rejected or ignored, they feel insulted enough to use rape as a form of revenge.
- Growing Feminism: Women are breaking down every male bastion. They are becoming economically independent and upwardly mobile. Male bashing is occurring like never before. Assisted reproductive technology and genetic engineering make some men feel purposeless and disempowered. As a result they resort to rape.
- Sex Industry and Pornography incites men to treat women as commodities and humiliate them for their pleasure.
"Rape is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear," says Susan Brown Miller.
- Men have blamed women for flaunting their female attributes through indecent exposure, skimpy costumes and suggestive behaviour. This they say precipitates lust in men. Women refute this because rape occurs in small towns or villages where women dress modestly.
- Rape in war is sanctioned by the highest authorities as a means of demoralizing the social fabric of a nation, by impregnating their women. It is also supposed to relieve aggression and promote bonding among soldiers.

Effects of rape on the victim:
The Rape-Trauma syndrome is akin to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It has two stages. The first is Disorganization due to the shock of rape. Fright, anger, guilt, and shame may follow. Reorganization is the second stage which gradually takes place over a period of 3-4 months. Sometimes it may take much longer. The victim feels vulnerable, timid, and not fully in control of her life. Residual Damage is what rape leaves in its wake. Depression, sexual dysfunction, vaginismus, fear of sexual interaction and inability to adjust socially are common. The person may take to alcohol or drugs to fight off fear and depression. A survivor of rape is nine times more likely to commit suicide. But if the victim gets immediate support and is able to ventilate her grief, fear or rage, the chances of recovery are greater.

Solutions to minimize rape in society:
o Education of the public by raising rape consciousness in society through education and awareness programmes. Men, politicians, police, judiciary and the general public should be sensitized about violence against women. New insights into sex roles are needed. Stereotype gender roles only make men more aggressive and women more vulnerable.
o Education of girls: Strong parental support will give girls a sense of security and belonging. They will have confidence to express their fears and anxieties. Parents should encourage their children to report to them incidents like physical proximity, inappropriate touching even if it is father, brother or relatives. Girls should be made aware of dangers lurking in society. 60% of teenagers have a tendency to act boldly and impulsively.
Women should also be made aware of the laws against rape and molestation. Male judges are too easy on rapists and too hard on victims. Because of such injustice, the law has been brought into disrepute. Trials must be time bound and punishment swift. Rape Crisis Centres should provide counseling and support to rape victims.
o Education of girl children should include specific "do's" and "don'ts." They should be told never to let a stranger within arm's length, and never to accept sweets or toys from strangers; never to lead a stranger to some isolated place he wants to visit; to beware of over-friendliness. Children from unhappy homes are easy targets as they are starved for affection. Even van drivers who ferry children between school and home may take advantage of a friendly child. Teenagers may be lured by people who promise roles in films or in modeling. If attacked, the child should be told to drop on the ground and scream for help.
o Education of parents: The lines of communication between them and their children should always be tension-free. Many parents think that children are too young to be told about rape as it will frighten them unduly. Children must be made aware that there is a small number of wicked people in society.
Parents should also be alerted by sudden withdrawal, loss of appetite, nightmares or refusal to go to school, and investigate into the matter.

Parents should check the sites children visit on the Net and the type of books they read.
A child who is aware of dangers will be more likely to ward off a rapist. Vigilance is the solution.

Rape - Problems and Solutions

Eva Bell is a doctor of Medicine and also a freelance writer of articles, short stories, children stories. Published in Indian magazines and newspapers, anthologies and also on the web. Author of two novels, one non-fiction, two children's books. Special interest- Travel and Women's Issues. http://www.evabell.net Blog: muddyloafers.blogspot.com

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Keeping The Mother-Son Relationship Healthy

Throughout the history of Mankind mother-son relationships have been considered special. Many women say that having a son gives them a sense of completeness. One woman affirmed, "It is as if through him I have found the missing part of me."

Patriarchal societies place greater value on sons. At times 'male child-centeredness' can become obsessive. In India, special rituals are held to invoke Divine intervention in granting a son. Sons are required to maintain lineage, to care for parents in their old age and ensure the salvation of souls after death. As such, boys receive preferential treatment, with best of food, health care, education and protection. This 'son- preference' has led to extensive female foeticide in several countries, resulting in a skewed sex ratio.

Non Fiction

Researchers of Richmond University in Virginia found that women develop a set of 'maternal neurons' that operate like 'bad mother' or 'good mother' switches in the brain. These clusters of brain cells created during pregnancy and switched on after birth, are responsible for good or bad parenting. A certain number of neurons have to be switched on for 'good mothering' to take place.

Keeping The Mother-Son Relationship Healthy

A team at Yale University uses brain scans to study areas of the brain that drive good or bad mothering. Dr. James Swain says, "We have identified certain areas of the brain where there is a link between neuron activity and measure of 'adequate' or 'inadequate' parenting."

So far no one has come up with a scientific explanation why a mother loves her son more than her daughter. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in his book "The Selfish Gene" suggests that this maternal devotion is a selfish strategy to ensure her genes live on. She knows that after a certain age, she cannot reproduce. So she protects her male offspring as he will eventually spread her gene pool.

When a mother has this protective love for her son she becomes fiercely protective of his life, crippling his emotional growth and tying him to her apron strings as 'Momma's Boy.' This tendency has been documented even from Biblical times in the story of Rebekah, who encouraged her favourite son Jacob to steal his brother's blessing through impersonation. But she had to suffer heartbreak as he was separated from her for many years, to protect him from Esau's fury.

The Greek mother Thetis dipped her son Achilles in the magical River Styx, to make him invulnerable. But of course she left him with an unprotected heel.

Just like mother-daughter relationships, close mother-son relationships are important in the early formative years. Infants begin to show distress when separated from their mothers. But every mother should bear in mind that this is only a temporary phase. Physical distancing should start early in the case of a boy because of the erotic potential of such a bond. Mollycoddling is harmful to the emotional health of both mother and son.

The Oedipus Complex is a well known phenomenon. It is based on the Greek myth in which Oedipus considers his father a rival for his mother's love. So he kills him and marries his mother Jocasta.

The period between 18 months and three years is when a child becomes aware of his own sexual identity. He develops a concept of himself by exploration of his own body. Between three to five years, libidinal and ego development takes place. This can well be defined as the Oedipus phase, when a child has the desire to possess his mother, and even begins to see his father as an opponent. This is a passing phase, and a wise mother will gradually wean him away from such feelings until he begins to identify with his father.

Reasons for a mother's abnormal feelings:
• When a mother has experienced abandonment from her father in her own childhood, she may be overprotective of her son, to compensate for those feelings of abandonment. She wants her son to remain in that oedipal phase for her own fulfillment. Sons cannot be surrogate husbands or fathers; neither are they playthings for her pleasure.

There are many great men who have suffered due to this over-protectiveness. Andrew Carnegie's mother made him promise that he would not marry until she died. It must have been a frustrating experience. He eventually married one year after her death, at the age of 52.
Dwight Eisenhower also had an obsessive mother. Once when he was quarantined for Scarlet Fever, she used a ladder to climb up and see her son daily through a window.

However, a mother who suffers abandonment from her father in childhood could also experience difficulty in bonding and become abusive to her son.

• If a wife's emotional needs are not fulfilled by her husband either because of his career, or his inconsiderate nature, or due to infidelity, she may turn to her male child. She may shower him with kisses or cuddles or verbal professions of love. This form of 'emotional incest' seeks to alienate the father from her son's love. Actual incest is not ruled out.

• Single parents either unmarried or widowed, may also show overindulgence and overprotection of their male children, to compensate for the lack of a father.

Destructive Effects of such Dysfunctional Relationships:

On the Child:
1. Over-dependence on mother leads to stunting of emotional and mental growth. He is unable to face life's challenges, has behavioural problems and is often considered a 'sissy.' The mother does not want her son to grow up and plans to keep their relationship exclusive.
2. Inability to maintain healthy relationships with others. This may even damage his sexuality and destroy his ability to have a happy partnership. He will avoid commitment. If he marries, it may end in divorce due to constant interference by his mother. He will not have the courage to stand up to her and protect his wife from constant bullying by his mother.
3. A manipulative seductive mother and a passive distant father can turn the boy into a homosexual.
4. Smother love can prove to be a dangerous emasculating attachment, rendering the son sexually dysfunctional.

On the Mother:
1. A woman who transfers her time and priority to her son will lose out on her husband. There will be a lack of intimacy and many sexual problems. Her husband will begin to look elsewhere for his fulfillment. He might become a workaholic or forge extramarital liaisons or indulge in drinking or gambling.
2. A mother whose life revolves around her son is lulled into a subconscious assurance that he will never leave her.
3. An incestuous relationship may develop. Inappropriate feelings for her son is a form of child abuse and can be demoralizing.

How to maintain a healthy mother-son relationship:
• Respect your son's personhood. Treat him with deep respect and help him develop his personality.
• Raise your son to be a well balanced human being mentally physically and spiritually. 'Smother love' kills. So don't hold on too tightly.
• Define healthy boundaries and know when to physically distance yourself.
• Parenting is a joint venture. Fathers must not be excluded from the relationship. They too should be allowed to bond with their sons. Parental responsibilities involve equipping them with strategies for living such as respect for elders, respect for the opposite sex, discipline, love and good example. The aim should be to foster maturity, independence and self reliance in adulthood.
• Do not neglect your husband. Take time off from mothering for 'togetherness' with him. Talk, care, and be intimate. Let your love for each other grow as you share responsibility for his rearing.
• Be a good and worthy role model. Let him learn from you how to respect and treat his wife when married.
• Always remember that the child is not your husband. So don't force adult responsibilities on him.
• Change your focus. Use some time to care for the needs of your other children. Find new activities to keep your mind off your son.
• Pray and ask God to give you the wisdom to handle your emotions with responsibility and self respect.

As the feminist Naomi Lewinsky said, "We shouldn't need our children. We shouldn't merge with them except when they are infants. We shouldn't let our messy feelings leak all over our children's development. We should raise them to become separate individuals."

Keeping The Mother-Son Relationship Healthy

Eva Bell is a doctor of Medicine and also a freelance writer of articles, short stories, children stories.
Published in Indian magazines and newspapers, anthologies and also on the web.
Author of two novels, one non-fiction, two children's books. Special interest- Travel and Women's Issues.
http://www.evabell.net
Blog: http://www.muddyloafers.blogspot.com

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